🌍 ภูมิอากาศ นิเวศวิทยา และสิ่งแวดล้อม

Earth Energy BalanceZero-dimensional EBM: C·dT/dt = (1−α)·S₀/4 − σεT⁴ + CO₂ forcing. Ice-albedo feedback shifts… Carbon Cycle4-box carbon cycle: atmosphere ↔ biosphere ↔ ocean surface ↔ deep ocean. Ocean uptake ∝… Ocean AcidificationReal carbonate chemistry — pH, aragonite saturation and coral bleaching as atmospheric CO₂… El Niño – Southern OscillationNewWatch the Pacific climate flip between El Niño and La Niña with a delayed-oscillator model.… Climate Tipping Points — Cascade & HysteresisNewNudge global temperature up and watch Arctic ice, the Amazon and the AMOC flip past… Simple Climate ModelNewA zero-dimensional energy balance model — tune albedo, greenhouse effect and solar output to… Urban Heat IslandNewExplore how cities trap heat due to concrete, asphalt and reduced vegetation compared to… Arctic Ice SimulationNewModel the seasonal growth and retreat of Arctic sea ice under changing climate conditions. Ice-Albedo Feedback LoopNewInteractive ice-albedo feedback simulation — watch melting ice lower Earth's albedo, absorb… Drought & Precipitation Cycle SimulatorNewInteractive soil-moisture bucket model — stochastic rainfall, evapotranspiration and runoff… Ozone Hole FormationNewInteractive Antarctic ozone hole simulation — CFC chlorine chemistry, polar stratospheric… Sea Level Rise SimulationNewWatch coastal flooding unfold as sea level rises — adjust the emissions scenario and target… Dendroclimatology: Tree Ring GrowthNewGrow a tree's annual rings with a real dendroclimatology growth model — adjust temperature…