⚗️ 化学与材料

Reaction-DiffusionGray-Scott model: two chemical species diffuse and react, spontaneously forming spots,… Crystal Growth3D Diffusion-Limited Aggregation: random-walk particles stick to a growing fractal crystal.… Acid-Base EquilibriumNewPerform a virtual acid-base titration: add drops of strong base to a weak acid and watch the… Chemical Reaction Kinetics — Arrhenius & Consecutive ReactionsSimulate A→B→C consecutive chemical reactions in real time. Explore the Arrhenius equation,… Combustion ReactionNewWatch CH4 + 2O2 to CO2 + 2H2O unfold in a particle simulation. Methane and oxygen molecules… Nernst EquationAdjust concentration and temperature and watch the Nernst equation E=E0-(RT/nF)ln(Q) shift… Le Chatelier PrinciplePick the Haber, SO3, CO2 or Fe3+/SCN- reaction, then add reactant, product, heat or pressure… Li-ion Battery SimulatorSimulate lithium-ion battery charge/discharge cycles, intercalation, SoC, capacity fade, and… Phase Diagram — Solid, Liquid & Gas with Triple PointInteractive P-T phase diagram showing solid, liquid and gas regions. Explore the triple… Nernst Equation — Galvanic Cell Potential Interactive SimulationE = E° − (RT/nF)·ln Q. Animated galvanic cell with ion migration and electrode growth. E vs… Chemical Equilibrium — Free Energy, Reaction Quotient & Le ChatelierAdjust ΔH°, ΔS°, T and concentrations. Watch G(Q) curve, ICE concentrations, van't Hoff plot… Potential Energy SurfaceNewRoll a particle across a potential energy surface with adjustable friction and temperature,… Molecular SpectroscopyNewChange temperature, linewidth and concentration to see vibrational bands emerge and… Adsorption IsothermRaise the pressure and compare Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherms as molecules fill a… Electrode KineticsSweep the overpotential and watch Butler-Volmer kinetics set the current, with Tafel slopes… ElectrolysisSet current, time and electrode reactions to split water, then use Faraday's laws to predict… Van der Waals Gas — Real Gas IsothermsTrace real-gas isotherms on a P-V diagram, apply the Maxwell construction to the unphysical… Galvanic CellPick two electrodes and their ion concentrations to build a Daniell-type cell, then read the… Belousov-Zhabotinsky ReactionExcitable-medium cellular automaton simulating the oscillating BZ chemical reaction. Resting… Turing DiffusionGray-Scott reaction-diffusion model spontaneously forms spots, stripes, mazes and coral… pH & Buffer SolutionsNewAcid-base equilibria and buffering: Henderson-Hasselbalch pH=pKa+log([A⁻]/[HA]), titration… Chemical Equilibrium — Le Chatelier & Reaction QuotientNewInteractive Le Chatelier's principle simulation. Perturb a gaseous equilibrium by changing… Grain GrowthNewWatch a polycrystalline microstructure form: nucleate randomly oriented grains, grow them… ColloidsNewColloidal particles diffuse by Brownian motion with D = kT/(6πηr). Tune salt to lower the… Surface WettingNewWhy does a droplet spread or bead up? Young's equation sets the contact angle from surface… Microcracks (Paris Law)NewCyclic stress slowly grows microscopic cracks per cycle by da/dN = C·(ΔK)^m. Watch the crack… Crystal DissolutionNewWatch crystals dissolve in a solvent as surface ions detach and diffuse into solution. Reaction Front — Traveling Chemical WaveNewSimulate a traveling wave front using the Fisher-KPP equation. Watch autocatalytic reactions… 3D Reaction-Diffusion PatternsNewGray-Scott reaction-diffusion model in a 3D voxel grid rendered with Three.js. Two… Electrochemical Corrosion (Tafel)NewMetal corrosion via Evans diagram: anodic dissolution and cathodic reduction meet at… Colloidal Stability — DLVO TheoryNewDLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory: total interaction energy V_T = V_EDL +… Sol-Gel Phase TransitionNewA polymer sol transitions to a gel as cross-link density p exceeds the percolation threshold… Heisenberg Spin Model — Quantum MagnetismNewMetropolis Monte Carlo simulation of the classical Heisenberg model: 3D unit spins on a 2D… Osmotic Pressure — Van't Hoff Equation & OsmometerNewA membrane osmometer's capillary column rises until hydrostatic pressure balances the… FHP Lattice Gas AutomatonNewBoolean particles on a hexagonal lattice collide and stream under simple conservation rules,… Graham's Law of EffusionNewLight and heavy gas molecules escape through a tiny orifice at different rates. Watch… Surface Catalysis — Langmuir-Hinshelwood MechanismNewTwo reactant gases adsorb onto a catalyst surface and react only when neighbors. Watch the… Eutectic Phase Diagram — Binary Alloy SolidificationNewCool a binary alloy through its phase diagram and watch primary-phase grains and fine… Polymer Chain as a Random Walk — Flory ScalingNewGrow a polymer chain as an ideal random walk or self-avoiding walk and watch its end-to-end… Gel Electrophoresis — Separating Molecules by SizeNewCharged DNA fragments migrate through a gel mesh under an electric field, with smaller… Photochemistry — Fluorescence, Phosphorescence & the Jablonski DiagramNewPhotons excite molecules up a Jablonski diagram, then relax back down via fluorescence or… Vapor Pressure & Boiling — Clausius-Clapeyron EquationNewWatch molecules evaporate and condense until vapor pressure matches external pressure — the… Column Chromatography — Separation by Partition CoefficientNewThree colored compounds race down a chromatography column at different speeds set by their… Solubility Product Ksp — Precipitation & the Common-Ion EffectNewWatch a sparingly-soluble salt dissolve and precipitate as you add a common ion. Compare the… Fractional Distillation — VLE & the McCabe-Thiele MethodNewWatch a McCabe-Thiele staircase construction show how each theoretical plate enriches vapor… Surfactants & Micelle Formation — Critical Micelle ConcentrationNewWatch surfactant molecules saturate the water surface, then spontaneously self-assemble into… Crystal Lattice Defects — Vacancies, Interstitials & DislocationsNewClick to place vacancies, interstitials and impurities in a 2D crystal lattice, or insert an… Redox Titration — Potentiometric Endpoint & the Nernst EquationNewWatch electrode potential trace a sharp S-curve as oxidizing titrant is added, jumping… Hydrogen-Bond Network in Water — Structure & DynamicsNewWatch water molecules constantly form and break a fluctuating hydrogen-bond network — a… Freezing Point Depression & Boiling Point ElevationNewDissolve a solute and watch both the freezing point drop and boiling point rise by the same… Classical Nucleation Theory — Critical Nucleus SizeNewSeed a tiny crystal nucleus and watch it randomly grow or redissolve depending on whether… Activation Energy & Collision Theory — Reaction Coordinate DiagramNewOnly collisions energetic enough to clear the activation-energy barrier react. Watch the… Supercritical Fluids — Beyond the Critical PointNewPush temperature and pressure past the critical point and watch the liquid-gas boundary… Debye-Hückel Limiting Law — Ionic Strength & Activity CoefficientsNewWatch an ion's counter-ion atmosphere thicken and compress as electrolyte concentration… Hess's Law — Enthalpy of Reaction via Energy CyclesNewCompare a direct reaction path against a multi-step indirect route on an animated… Born-Haber Cycle — Lattice Energy of Ionic CrystalsNewClimb an animated energy staircase through sublimation, ionization, dissociation and… Determining Reaction Order — Method of Initial Rates & Integrated Rate LawsNewRun virtual kinetics trials at different starting concentrations and find which integrated… Fick's Laws of Diffusion — Concentration Gradients & FluxNewWatch particles undergo a real random walk and spread from a concentrated band into a… Premixed Flame Front — PropagationA premixed flame front propagating via reaction-diffusion with Arrhenius kinetics. Crystal Growth — Dendritic SolidificationA phase-field model of dendritic crystal solidification with adjustable undercooling and… Crystal Field Theory — d-Orbital Splitting & Transition Metal ColorsNewWatch d-orbitals split into t2g and eg levels as ligands approach, then fill high-spin or… Gibbs Free Energy — Reaction Spontaneity, ΔG = ΔH − TΔSNewTune enthalpy, entropy and temperature to see when ΔG = ΔH − TΔS predicts a reaction runs… Molecular Orbital Theory — Bond Order for Diatomic MoleculesNewFill a molecular orbital diagram electron by electron and watch bond order and magnetism… VSEPR Theory — Predicting Molecular GeometryNewSet bonding and lone pairs on a central atom and watch VSEPR theory snap the molecule into…