Sodium-Sulfur Battery: Molten Electrode Cell (2D)

This simulator renders a 2D cross-section of the working heart of a sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery: a molten sodium anode and a molten sulfur/sodium-polysulfide cathode separated by a beta-alumina solid ceramic electrolyte that conducts only Na⁺ ions. Drive the cell through discharge and charge at a chosen C-rate and operating temperature, watch Na⁺ ions physically cross the electrolyte band, and read the terminal voltage as it traces the real staged, multi-plateau discharge curve on the live capacity chart — a flat 2.076 V plateau while liquid sulfur and Na₂S₅ coexist, a sloping single-phase region, then a flat 1.78 V plateau as the cell crosses into the lower solid polysulfide phases — with the internal-resistance voltage sag shrinking as temperature raises the ceramic's ionic conductivity.