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Energy & Thermodynamics

Nuclear reactions, phase transitions, heat transfer and planetary energy balance — explore the physics of energy at every scale.

11 simulations Canvas 2D · WebGL Uses Metropolis, Lennard-Jones, Verlet

Energy Simulations

Open a simulation — it runs right in your browser, no installation needed

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★★☆ Moderate New
Tidal Turbine
Tidal power from a reversing stream (P=½ρAv³, Betz-capped) or a barrage (P=ρgQH). Flow drives the turbine over the 12.4-hour cycle; compare spring and neap tides.
Tidal Power Betz Limit Renewable Canvas 2D
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★★★ Advanced New
Wind Farm
Lay out a turbine array and see how downwind wakes (Jensen/Park model) cut output. Each turbine extracts P=½ρAv³Cp under the Betz limit; drag turbines to minimise wake losses.
Wind TurbineWake EffectBetz LimitCanvas 2D
★★★ Advanced New
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
A PEM fuel cell polarization curve: V = E_Nernst − activation − ohmic − concentration losses. Drag along the V–i curve, watch H⁺ cross the membrane, and find the peak power point.
Fuel CellPEMPolarization CurveCanvas 2D
★★★★ Advanced New
Power Grid Flow
Transmission grid driven by a DC power-flow solver. Raise demand or trip a line and watch overloads cascade across the network into a blackout — the mechanism behind real-world grid failures.
Power Flow Cascading Failure Canvas 2D
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★★☆ Moderate
Nuclear Binding Energy
Interactive Bethe-Weizsäcker semi-empirical mass formula. Explore how volume, surface, Coulomb, asymmetry and pairing terms shape the binding energy curve across all nuclides.
Canvas 2D SEMF Nuclear
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Popular ★★☆ Moderate
Nuclear Fission
Chain reaction simulation: neutrons split uranium-235 nuclei, releasing more neutrons. Control rod position adjusts the multiplication factor from sub-critical to prompt-critical.
Canvas 2D Particles Nuclear
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★☆☆ Beginner
Earth Energy Balance
Zero-dimensional climate energy balance model. Adjust solar constant, albedo, and greenhouse gas concentration to see how planetary temperature changes over time.
Canvas 2D Climate EBM
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★★☆ Moderate
Ising Model
2D Ising ferromagnet with Metropolis Monte Carlo. Watch domains form below the critical temperature and dissolve above it. Magnetisation and energy plots update in real time.
Canvas 2D Metropolis Phase Transition
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★★★ Advanced
Molecular Dynamics
Lennard-Jones particles with Velocity Verlet integration. Observe gas, liquid and solid phases, radial distribution function, and Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution.
Canvas 2D Lennard-Jones Verlet
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★☆☆ Beginner
Thermal Expansion
Bimetallic strip bends as temperature changes. Two metals with different expansion coefficients bonded together demonstrate curvature vs temperature relationship.
Canvas 2D Thermodynamics Materials
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★☆☆ Beginner
Particle Diffusion
Brownian motion and osmosis. Particles diffuse across a semi-permeable membrane. Watch concentration gradients equalise through random thermal motion.
Canvas 2D Brownian Osmosis
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New ★☆☆ Beginner
Radioactive Decay
Stochastic decay of an ensemble of unstable nuclei. Exponential decay law, half-life measurement, and daughter-product buildup visualised in real time.
Canvas 2D Stochastic Nuclear
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★☆☆ Beginner
Cloud Formation
Atmospheric convection and condensation. Warm air rises, cools adiabatically, and forms clouds when humidity exceeds saturation. Adjust temperature and moisture.
Canvas 2D Atmosphere Convection
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New ★★☆ Intermediate
Wind Turbine Simulator
Explore wind energy physics with the Betz limit (P=½ρAV³Cₚ). Adjust wind speed, blade pitch, rotor diameter and blade count. Watch the animated rotor and live Cp vs tip-speed-ratio chart.
Canvas 2D Betz Limit Renewable Energy
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New ★★☆ Intermediate
Solar Panel Simulator
Optimise tilt angle and azimuth for maximum PV power using real solar declination equations. Daily power curve P=ηAG·(1−0.004(T−25)), auto-optimise button and animated day cycle for any latitude and season.
Canvas 2D Solar Position Renewable Energy
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★★☆ Intermediate New
Nuclear Reactor
Manage control rods to keep k_eff = 1. Explore Doppler temperature feedback, power transients and emergency SCRAM in a pressurised water reactor simulator.
k-effective PWR / Fission Canvas 2D
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★★★ Advanced New
Battery Electrochemistry
Li-ion charge/discharge curves (CC-CV), C-rate family, capacity fade mechanisms (SEI, plating, structural), Butler-Volmer kinetics and Nyquist impedance plot.
Butler-Volmer Li-ion Capacity Fade Canvas 2D
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★★☆ Moderate
Solar Cell — Photovoltaic Effect & IV Curve
Explore the IV curve, fill factor, open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. Adjust irradiance and temperature to see how efficiency changes. Based on the Shockley diode equation.
Solar Cell Photovoltaic IV Curve Shockley

About Energy & Thermodynamics Simulations

From nuclear reactions to atmospheric balance — energy in every form

Energy and thermodynamics simulations reveal the fundamental laws that govern heat, work, and energy transformations. From nuclear binding energy curves that explain why iron is the most stable element, to chain reactions in fissile material, these models make abstract concepts tangible and interactive.

The Ising model demonstrates phase transitions using Metropolis Monte Carlo sampling — watch ferromagnetic domains form and dissolve as you change temperature past the critical point. Molecular dynamics with Lennard-Jones potentials let you observe how individual particles create macroscopic phenomena like pressure, temperature, and phase changes.

Climate science relies on energy balance models similar to those presented here. The Earth Energy Balance simulation shows how solar radiation, albedo, and greenhouse gases determine planetary temperature — the same physics behind real climate projections by IPCC models.

Key Concepts

Topics and algorithms you'll explore in this category

Nuclear Binding EnergyMass defect and the curve of stability for atomic nuclei
Chain ReactionNeutron multiplication factor and critical mass in fissile material
Phase TransitionOrder-disorder transition at the critical temperature
Metropolis AlgorithmMarkov chain Monte Carlo for sampling spin configurations
Lennard-Jones PotentialShort-range repulsion and long-range attraction between atoms
Energy Balance ModelRadiative equilibrium and the greenhouse effect

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about this simulation category

How does the Ising model simulate phase transitions?
The Ising model places spins on a lattice and uses the Metropolis algorithm to flip them based on Boltzmann probability exp(-ΔE/kT). Below the critical temperature T_c, spins align into ferromagnetic domains; above T_c, thermal fluctuations destroy long-range order (paramagnetic phase). You can watch domains form and dissolve in real time by sliding the temperature slider.
How do wind and solar energy simulations model real physics?
The Wind Turbine simulation uses P = ½ρAv³Cₚ with the Betz-limit cap Cₚ ≤ 16/27 ≈ 59.3%, varying rotor diameter, wind speed, and blade pitch. The Solar Panel simulation applies the solar declination equations to compute irradiance at any latitude and season, then calculates output as P = ηAG·(1−0.004(T−25)).
What is nuclear binding energy and why is iron-56 special?
Binding energy is the energy required to disassemble a nucleus into free protons and neutrons. The Bethe-Weizsäcker formula models it as a sum of volume, surface, Coulomb, asymmetry, and pairing terms. Iron-56 sits at the peak of the binding energy per nucleon curve — fusing lighter nuclei or splitting heavier ones both release energy, which is why iron is the endpoint of stellar nucleosynthesis.
How does the Earth energy balance model work?
The zero-dimensional energy balance model equates incoming solar radiation S·(1−α)/4 (where α is albedo) with outgoing infrared εσT⁴. Changing CO₂ increases the effective emissivity ε, raising the equilibrium temperature T — the same physics underpinning all global climate projections by the IPCC. Adjust albedo and greenhouse gas concentration live to see how temperature responds.

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