Sodium-Sulfur Battery: Molten Electrode Cell

This simulator renders the working heart of a sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery: a molten sodium anode and a molten sulfur/sodium-polysulfide cathode separated by a beta-alumina solid ceramic electrolyte that conducts only Na⁺ ions. Drive the cell through discharge and charge at a chosen C-rate and operating temperature, watch instanced Na⁺ ions physically cross the electrolyte wall, and read the terminal voltage as it traces the real double-plateau discharge curve — 2.076 V while sulfur-rich polysulfide dominates, dropping to 1.78 V once the cell crosses into the lower-sulfur phase region — with the internal-resistance voltage sag shrinking as temperature raises the ceramic's ionic conductivity.