Nanoparticle Uptake 3D — Cellular Dose Simulator

This single-cell view puts nanotoxicology's cellular uptake mechanics in three dimensions: individual nanoparticles execute a genuine Stokes–Einstein random walk through the surrounding fluid, drifting toward or away from the membrane according to surface charge, and are captured one at a time when they cross the membrane's capture shell. Every capture adds a visible vacuole inside the cell and advances the same Hill-equation dose-response model driving the 2D population simulator, so viability drops exactly when accumulated intracellular dose — not applied concentration — crosses the toxic threshold. Adjust particle size and charge and orbit the scene to watch individual uptake events happen in real time.