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CMOS Inverter: Voltage Transfer Characteristic & Switching Dynamics

Interactive 3D CMOS inverter: watch the PMOS pull-up and NMOS pull-down transistors conduct as you sweep the input voltage, see the exact voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) traced live, and measure propagation delay as the output charges or discharges the load capacitance.

Materials Science3DAdvanced60 FPS📱 Mobile-adapted⇄ 2D version

Every digital chip is built from CMOS inverters: a PMOS pull-up and an NMOS pull-down transistor sharing a gate and a drain node, arranged so exactly one device conducts at rest. This simulator solves the square-law device equations live as you sweep the input voltage, tracing the exact voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) and showing which transistor is in cutoff, triode, or saturation at every point — including the near-vertical switching region where both devices briefly conduct. A width-ratio slider lets you re-center the switching threshold to compensate for holes' lower mobility, and two transient buttons drive the output through a real charge/discharge of the load capacitance, measuring propagation delay directly from the governing RC-style differential equation, the same way real digital timing is estimated.

⚙ Under the hood

Sweep the input voltage of a PMOS/NMOS CMOS inverter and watch the square-law device equations solve live, tracing the voltage transfer characteristic and showing which transistor conducts. Two transient buttons drive a real charge/discharge of the output load capacitance and measure propagation delay.

CMOSMOSFETVLSIlogic gatepropagation delaynanoelectronics

3D · Three.js / WebGL renderer · 60 FPS target · runs fully client-side, no install