Pelton Wheel Jet Impulse Turbine

This simulator models the momentum-exchange physics of a Pelton wheel: a fixed nozzle converts hydrostatic head into a free high-speed jet, and a runner of split buckets deflects that jet sideways to extract its momentum as shaft torque. The runner's angular velocity is integrated in real time from the actual net torque — jet impulse force minus generator load — so the wheel genuinely accelerates toward its runaway speed under light load and settles at a lower, more efficient speed under heavier load, exactly as the classical (1 + cos β) impulse-force relation and the u/v = 0.5 peak-efficiency result predict.