3D Nanotube Field-Effect Biosensor: Threshold-Voltage Shift Simulator

This scene places a functionalized carbon-nanotube field-effect transistor inside a magnified, orbitable 3D electrolyte volume. Target molecules drift through the liquid and dock onto free receptor sites strung along the tube, each binding event governed by real Langmuir kinetics rather than a scripted animation. The bound charge is screened by the electrolyte's mobile ions over a genuine Debye length — visualized as a translucent shell around the channel that thins as you raise ionic strength — and the resulting threshold-voltage shift drives a live drain-current readout computed from the standard FET square-law equation. Orbit the camera to watch molecules dock in real time while target concentration, receptor affinity, ionic strength and gate bias all independently reshape the electronic response.