Nanoparticle Aggregation & Environmental Fate

This is the 2D counterpart to the 3D water-column scene: the same DLVO interaction energy (van der Waals attraction plus electrostatic double-layer repulsion) governing whether nanoparticles stay dispersed or clump together and settle, drawn as a live cross-section instead of rendered spheres. Tune the ionic strength, zeta potential and primary particle size — or jump straight to a freshwater or seawater preset — and watch the Debye length, energy-barrier and settled-fraction readouts track the transition from a colloidally stable suspension to runaway aggregation and sedimentation.