Nanoparticle Aggregation & Environmental Fate

Nanoparticles released into a lake, river or estuary don't all behave the same way — some stay dispersed and travel for kilometers, others clump together within minutes and drop straight onto the sediment. This simulator renders a real water column of nanoparticles undergoing Brownian motion and computes the full DLVO interaction energy (van der Waals attraction plus electrostatic double-layer repulsion) between colliding particles in real time, so whether a collision sticks depends on physically grounded ionic strength and surface-charge chemistry, not a scripted animation. Tune the salinity, zeta potential and primary particle size — or jump straight to a freshwater or seawater preset — and watch the Debye length, energy-barrier and settled-fraction readouts track the transition from a colloidally stable suspension to runaway aggregation and sedimentation.