Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex: Gaze Stabilization During Head Rotation

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is the fastest reflex arc in the body: a three-neuron pathway from the semicircular canals to the extraocular muscles that counter-rotates the eyes to keep gaze locked on a target while the head moves. This simulation drives a 3D head through sinusoidal yaw rotation, models the canal's cupula as the high-pass torsion-pendulum filter real vestibular physiology uses, and feeds the resulting canal signal through an adjustable-gain reflex to the eyes. Watch the gaze ray track — or fail to track — a fixed target as you change oscillation frequency and amplitude, dial the VOR gain up or down to simulate hypo- or hyperfunction, or switch on voluntary VOR suppression to see smooth pursuit override the reflex, with live readouts for head velocity, eye velocity, retinal slip and the instantaneous measured gain.