🦋 Hydroxychloroquine Mechanism & Retinal Toxicity Simulator

Lysosomal Alkalinization and Immune Dampening

Placeholder: HCQ raises lysosomal pH, blunting antigen presentation.

• Lysosome: Target organelle (placeholder note)
• ~40 days: Half-life (placeholder note)
• TLR7/9: TLR pathway (placeholder note)
• 2–3 mo: Onset (placeholder note)

Mechanism overview

Placeholder: brief mechanism summary sentence.

Placeholder key insight sentence.

Standard-of-Care Role in Lupus Management

Placeholder: HCQ is recommended for nearly all lupus patients long-term.

• First-line: Guideline status (placeholder note)
• ~50%: Flare reduction (placeholder note)
• Yes: Survival benefit (placeholder note)
• ≤5 mg/kg: Typical dose (placeholder note)

Clinical role

Placeholder: short clinical role summary.

Placeholder key insight sentence.

Melanin Binding and Long-Term Tissue Accumulation

Placeholder: drug slowly accumulates bound to melanin-rich tissue.

• >5 yrs: Risk threshold (placeholder note)
• >1000 g: Cumulative flag (placeholder note)
• Melanin: Binding site (placeholder note)
• Renal/hepatic: Clearance (placeholder note)

Accumulation dynamics

Placeholder: short accumulation summary.

Placeholder key insight sentence.

Bullseye Maculopathy and Photoreceptor Damage

Placeholder: parafoveal cones degenerate forming a ring lesion.

• ~2%: Prevalence >10 yrs (placeholder note)
• Bullseye: Pattern (placeholder note)
• No: Reversible? (placeholder note)
• Dose/duration: Key risk factor (placeholder note)

Toxicity pattern

Placeholder: short toxicity pattern summary.

Placeholder key insight sentence.

Annual OCT and Visual Field Monitoring

Placeholder: annual screening detects early asymptomatic damage.

• Year 0: Baseline exam (placeholder note)
• Year 5: Annual start (placeholder note)
• SD-OCT: Key test (placeholder note)
• 10-2 VF: Secondary test (placeholder note)

Screening protocol

Placeholder: short screening protocol summary.

Placeholder key insight sentence.