Smart Grid State Estimator 2D: WLS Residuals & False-Data Injection

This is the actual algorithm running inside a real smart-grid control room, redrawn as a flat command-room map: a weighted least-squares state estimator fuses noisy line-flow sensor readings from a 6-bus network into a best estimate of every bus voltage angle, then runs a chi-square residual test to flag bad data in real time. Push the grid loading and sensor noise to see the estimator track a changing network, then attack it — a naive single-sensor spoof spikes the residual bar chart and trips the alarm instantly, while a stealthy false-data-injection vector built from the network's own topology (the Liu–Ning–Reiter construction) slips through completely undetected, corrupting the command center's picture of the grid without ever raising a flag. Drag the network map to pan, scroll to zoom, and watch the two strip charts track the estimator's health over time.