Permafrost Carbon Feedback Loop

Frozen Arctic ground stores an estimated 1,500 billion tonnes of organic carbon — nearly twice what's currently in the atmosphere. This simulator closes the actual feedback loop between warming and that carbon: a one-box energy-balance model drives active-layer thaw with a Stefan-style bounded growth law, thawed soil releases CO₂ and CH₄ depending on how waterlogged it is, and that released carbon adds radiative forcing that feeds straight back into the temperature that's doing the thawing. Tune the external forcing, soil carbon density, wetness and the loop's own feedback gain — set gain to zero to see forcing-only warming, then turn it up to watch the same driver produce a visibly steeper temperature curve, deeper active layer and more escaping carbon, rendered as CO₂ and CH₄ rising out of a 3D soil cross-section as the thawed layer visibly deepens into the permafrost below.