Champagne Bubbles: Nucleation Site Chemistry (3D)

A full 3D champagne flute where every visible bubble is born at a defect site on the glass wall — never randomly in the bulk liquid — because classical nucleation theory makes homogeneous nucleation there effectively impossible at real supersaturations. Dissolved CO₂ and temperature set the driving pressure ΔP and the critical radius r* that each fiber/scratch site is judged against; only sites bigger than r* switch on. Bubbles that nucleate grow by real CO₂ diffusion and climb under Stokes drag, accelerating as they rise. Orbit and zoom around the glass, click its wall to etch your own scratch, and watch a bubble train start from that exact point.