Type Ia Supernova: Carbon Deflagration Flame Front

This simulator follows the thermonuclear flame that disrupts a carbon-oxygen white dwarf in a Type Ia supernova, from a single ignition kernel near the stellar centre to a Rayleigh-Taylor-wrinkled deflagration front and, optionally, a deflagration-to-detonation transition. Roughly six thousand mass-weighted tracer particles fill a 3D model of the star; each one flips from unburned carbon/oxygen to nuclear-statistical-equilibrium ash the instant the (turbulently wrinkled) flame surface reaches it, so the burned volume genuinely grows outward at the physically modelled flame speed rather than on a fixed timer. Live readouts track burned mass, released energy in units of 10⁵¹ erg ("foe"), and the radioactive ⁵⁶Ni yield that ultimately powers the supernova's light curve.