Perovskite Nanocrystal Halide Exchange

CsPbX₃ perovskite quantum dots are unusual among nanocrystals: their emission color is set not just by particle size but by which halide ion — chloride, bromide or iodide — occupies the crystal lattice, and those halides swap in and out of the structure fast enough to retune a whole batch of dots after synthesis. This simulator renders an ensemble of cubic perovskite nanocrystals in 3D and drives them through first-order anion-exchange kinetics toward a target halide composition you set, continuously recomputing the alloy bandgap from a Vegard's-law-with-bowing model plus a quantum-confinement correction for the crystal size, and recoloring every nanocrystal to its true emission wavelength as the exchange proceeds.