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PolskiBentonite Activation & Drying: Ion Exchange & Moisture Kinetics (2D)
2D process lab: soda-ash cation exchange converts calcium bentonite to sodium bentonite on a pseudo-first-order curve, then a rotary dryer removes moisture on an exponential falling-rate drying curve — watch swelling capacity and moisture content evolve live.
This 2D companion drives the same process as the 3D plant walkthrough — soda-ash cation exchange followed by rotary drying — through two live formula-driven readouts instead of a 3D schematic: a pseudo-first-order exchange model converts calcium bentonite to sodium bentonite at a dose-limited equilibrium, the Foster swelling index rises with that exchanged fraction, and once activation is essentially complete the batch automatically enters an exponential falling-rate drying curve toward the dryer's equilibrium moisture, with a platelet grid and two rolling charts making both kinetics visible in real time.
2D bentonite-processing lab with pseudo-first-order cation-exchange kinetics driving a Foster swelling-index curve, followed automatically by an exponential falling-rate drying model, both plotted live alongside a color-shifting platelet grid.
2D · HTML5 Canvas 2D · 60 FPS target · runs fully client-side, no install
That mirrors the real plant: clay is first activated with soda ash while wet, and only moved to the rotary dryer once cation exchange has essentially reached its dose-set equilibrium. The sim advances phases automatically once the exchanged fraction gets within about 3% of that equilibrium (or after a time cap), the same handoff a real batch schedule enforces.
The exchange equilibrium is dose-limited: f_eq = min(1, dose / dose_full). Past the stoichiometric dose needed to swap the available calcium sites (modeled here as ≈5% by dry clay weight), extra soda ash cannot exchange further sites, so swelling index plateaus even though you keep raising the slider.
Grey tiles are still calcium-saturated montmorillonite; amber tiles have had their exchangeable Ca²⁺ replaced by Na⁺. The grid's average color tracks the live exchanged fraction, with small per-tile noise so the transition reads as a gradual front rather than a single flip.