Graphite Intercalation Staging in Li-ion Anodes

Nanotechnology's biggest single win in energy storage is inside the graphite anode every Li-ion cell already uses: nanoscale-thin graphene sheets stacked with galleries just wide enough for a lithium ion to slide between them. This simulator renders that stack in 3D and drives real staging physics — as you charge, Li⁺ ions don't fill galleries at random, they order themselves into stages (IV → III → II → I) exactly as the Daumas–Herold model predicts, and the anode's terminal voltage traces the resulting real staircase curve, complete with C-rate and temperature-dependent overpotential.