Home▸Materials Science▸Frenkel & Schottky Point Defects

Frenkel & Schottky Point Defects

Interactive 3D crystal lattice showing how thermal equilibrium point-defect concentration (Schottky vacancies vs Frenkel vacancy-interstitial pairs) grows with temperature and shrinks with formation energy, following the real Arrhenius defect-equilibrium laws.

Materials Science3DModerate60 FPS📱 Mobile-adapted⇄ 2D version

Every real crystal carries a thermal population of point defects — atoms missing from their lattice sites (Schottky vacancies) or displaced into the gaps between sites (Frenkel pairs). This simulator renders an 8×8×8 atomic lattice and drives it toward the real thermodynamic equilibrium defect concentration for the temperature and formation energy you set, using the Arrhenius laws n/N = exp(−E_f/k_BT) for Schottky vacancies and n_F = √(N·N_i)·exp(−E_f/2k_BT) for Frenkel pairs. Switch defect type, drag temperature from 300 K to 2000 K or formation energy from 0.3 eV to 3.0 eV, and watch vacancies (wire outlines) and interstitial atoms (orange) appear and vanish live as the lattice relaxes toward the predicted equilibrium count.

⚙ Under the hood

An interactive 3D crystal lattice that relaxes toward the real thermodynamic equilibrium concentration of point defects — Schottky vacancies or Frenkel vacancy-interstitial pairs — as you change temperature and formation energy.

solid state physicscrystal defectsvacanciesFrenkel pairArrhenius lawmaterials science

3D · Three.js / WebGL renderer · 60 FPS target · runs fully client-side, no install