🔧 Orthogonal Metal Cutting: Merchant Circle, Shear Angle, Chip Ratio and Taylor Tool Life

Orthogonal cutting model with Ernst-Merchant, Lee-Shaffer and Merchant-2 shear-angle rules, Merchant force circle, velocity hodograph, shear and interface temperatures, extended Taylor tool life, flank-wear growth and the economic cutting speeds, for eight work materials with eight in-page numerical checks.