Robotic Resistance Spot Welding: Nugget Growth & Distortion

A six-axis welding robot carries a pincer gun across a sheet-metal panel, closing a real weld nugget at each point through Joule heating between two copper electrodes. This simulator models the actual process physics — current, weld time and electrode force set how much heat reaches the faying surface, growing a nugget that can come out undersized ("cold"), on-spec, or blown past the sheet as expulsion — and lets you compare a sequential row-by-row weld order against a center-out symmetric one to see how sequence alone changes how much the finished panel bows.