⚡ HVDC Against HVAC: Line Loss, Charging Current and Break-Even Length (2D)

Bars and a voltage profile comparing a DC bipole with an AC line carrying the same power over the same distance. Set the power, length, voltages, conductor area, current density, AC compensation and converter loss, and see the line losses, efficiencies, the charging current that eats the AC conductor limit, the open-end Ferranti voltage rise and the length at which the two are equally efficient. The DC power balance, the Ferranti equation, the break-even length and the AC reach are checked numerically, with four in-page numerical checks.