🔬 Vacuum Evaporation: Cosine Law, Film Uniformity and Shadow-Mask Penumbra (2D)

Side view of a thermal evaporation source depositing aluminium through a shadow mask onto a substrate. Set source temperature, distance and size, the mask opening, the mask-to-substrate gap, the feature position and the time, and read the deposition rate, film thickness, edge blur and lateral shift. Hertz-Knudsen flux, the cosine law and mask geometry, with four in-page numerical checks.