Electroporation: Gene Delivery by Electric Pulse

Electroporation is one of the workhorse delivery methods of genetic engineering: a short, strong electric pulse is applied across a suspension of cells and plasmid DNA, and the field itself both opens transient pores in the cell membrane and drags the negatively charged DNA through them. This simulator renders a 3D cell in a uniform field and computes the real steady-state Schwan equation for the induced transmembrane potential at every point on the membrane, colouring the surface as a live depolarization/hyperpolarization heat map. Once the potential at the poles crosses the ≈1 V poration threshold, pores open exactly where the physics predicts they should, and free-floating DNA plasmids are electrophoresed toward the field and threaded into the cytoplasm through those pores. Field strength, pulse duration and cell radius are all adjustable — turn any one down far enough and the pulse simply isn't strong enough to porate the membrane, so no DNA gets in, which is the same failure mode a wet-lab electroporation protocol has to avoid.