Whole-Genome Duplication & Gene Fate Simulator (2D)

Every whole-genome duplication leaves behind thousands of duplicate gene pairs, and most of them do not survive intact. This simulator runs the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model live: a pannable, zoomable grid of paralog pairs — the left disc of each pair is copy A, the right is copy B, joined by a bar — accumulates independent regulatory-module losses generation by generation until each pair resolves into one of three classic fates: nonfunctionalization (one copy silenced as a pseudogene), subfunctionalization (both copies locked in because their surviving subfunctions no longer overlap), or the rarer neofunctionalization (one copy evolves an outright new role). A live stacked-area chart tracks how the population partitions between the three outcomes over time, and clicking any pair opens an inspector showing exactly which of its subfunctions still sit in copy A, copy B, or both. Adjust the degeneration rate, the neofunctionalization rate, the population of duplicate pairs, and the number of ancestral subfunctions per gene to see how each parameter shifts the balance.