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Vanadium Crossover in a Redox Flow Battery

Interactive 3D vanadium redox flow battery simulator: watch V2+/V3+ and V4+/V5+ ions diffuse across the ion-exchange membrane cycle after cycle, driving the concentration-gradient crossover flux and capacity fade real VRFB stacks suffer between electrolyte rebalancing.

Energy & Thermodynamics3DAdvanced60 FPS📱 Mobile-adapted⇄ 2D version

Vanadium redox flow batteries store charge in two electrolyte tanks separated by an ion-exchange membrane, but that membrane is never a perfect barrier: vanadium ions constantly leak across it, driven by the concentration gradient between the negolyte (V²⁺/V³⁺) and posolyte (V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺). This simulator renders both tanks in 3D with real ion populations, applies Fick's law to compute the crossover flux from your chosen membrane permeability and electrolyte concentration, and cycles the stack through charge/discharge swings at your chosen C-rate — showing live capacity retention fade asymptotically toward a rebalancing threshold exactly as real utility-scale VRFB installations do between scheduled electrolyte remixing.

⚙ Under the hood

Watch vanadium ions diffuse across the ion-exchange membrane of a VRFB stack cycle after cycle, driven by Fick's law, and see the resulting capacity fade toward an equilibrium the way real installations experience it between electrolyte rebalancing.

flow batteryvanadiumelectrochemistrymembrane diffusionenergy storagecapacity fade

3D · Three.js / WebGL renderer · 60 FPS target · runs fully client-side, no install