Home▸Ecology & Conservation Biology▸Wolves and the Landscape of Fear: A Trophic Cascade from Elk to Willows to Rivers

🐺 Wolves and the Landscape of Fear: A Trophic Cascade from Elk to Willows to Rivers

Spatial landscape-of-fear model of wolves, elk, willows and beavers in a river valley (stalking/chase hunts, risk field, ideal-free elk habitat choice, logistic browse regrowth) with density-mediated versus fear-only toggles and a Holling type II ODE comparison.

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⚙ Under the hood

Spatial Yellowstone-style trophic cascade on a river-valley grid: wolf packs stalk and chase elk, elk trade food against a risk field (landscape of fear), willows regrow logistically and beaver colonies follow the willows, with a switch between wolves-remove-elk and fear-only. Unlike the savanna food-web and Lotka-Volterra labs it is spatial and compares a density-mediated cascade with a behaviourally mediated one, against a Holling type II ODE.

AnimalsEcologyWolvesTrophic CascadeTrending Science

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