Understanding How We Know: A Guide to Research Methods

Types of Research

Research broadly falls into two categories: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis, aiming to establish relationships between variables (e.g., surveys with scaled responses).

Qualitative research explores complex phenomena through non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and textual analysis. It seeks to understand perspectives, meanings, and experiences.

Data Collection Methods

Several methods are employed for collecting data. Surveys utilize questionnaires distributed to a sample population. Experiments involve manipulating variables under controlled conditions.

Observational studies record behaviors and events in their natural setting. Archival research analyzes existing records (e.g., historical documents).

Data Collection Method → Data Type

Sampling Techniques

Selecting a representative sample is crucial for generalizing findings from a study. Common sampling techniques include simple random sampling, stratified sampling (dividing the population into subgroups), and convenience sampling (selecting readily available participants).

The size of the sample also impacts statistical power – larger samples generally provide more reliable results.

Sample Size → Statistical Power

Data Analysis & Interpretation

Quantitative data is analyzed using statistical methods like regression analysis, t-tests, and ANOVA to identify patterns and relationships. Qualitative data is interpreted through thematic analysis or content analysis.

Critical evaluation of sources, acknowledging biases, and triangulating evidence are essential for robust interpretation.

Raw Data → Analyzed Results (Statistical/Thematic)

Frequently asked questions

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Everything above runs in your browser — open Inverse Kinematics (FABRIK) and change the parameters while it is running. Nothing is installed, nothing is uploaded, the whole model lives in one tab.