Фізика космології та Великого Вибуху

🌌 The Great Bang

Hot Big Bang model

Beginning at t=0, singularity. Scale factor expansion: a(t). Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric. Hot early universe.

CMB

Cosmic Microwave Background: T ≈ 2.725 K. Blackbody spectrum λ_max ~ 1.9 mm. Planck distribution. Discovered in 1965 (Penzias-Wilson).

History of evolution

t = 0: singularity. 10⁻⁴³ s: Planck era. 10⁻⁶ s: quark-hadron transition. 3 min: nucleosynthesis. 380 kyr: recombination. 9 Gyr: dark energy domination.

Hubble law

v = H₀·d, where H₀ ≈ 70 km/(s·Mpc) (Hubble constant). Redshift z = Δλ/λ. Increases with distance.

⚡ Inflation

Exponential expansion

a(t) ~ e^(H·t) for H ~ 10¹³ GeV. The scale factor grows exponentially in the early Universe (t ~ 10⁻³⁶ s). Alan Guth (1981).

Problems

Solves flatness (Ω = 1), horizon (causality), and monopole problems. Primordial fluctuations: quantum fluctuations stretched to cosmic scales.

Theory

Slow-roll inflaton scalar field. V(φ) potential. Inflaton decay into matter. Predicted perturbations: Δρ/ρ ~ 10⁻⁵.

Evidence

CMB anisotropy spectrum, flat geometry (Ω = 1.001±0.005). Large-scale structure: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, galaxy clustering.

🔬 Dark Matter

Evidence

Rotation curves: galaxies (Milky Way), clusters. Gravitational lensing: bullet cluster. CMB anisotropy. Large-scale structure.

Cold dark matter

CDM: non-relativistic at decoupling. WIMP: Weakly Interacting Massive Particle, ~100 GeV-1 TeV. Thermal relic abundance.

Search

Direct detection: xenon, cryogenic detectors. Indirect: gamma rays, neutrinos. Collider (LHC): missing energy. Not yet found.

Alternatives

Axions: light (~1 μeV), strong CP problem. MACHOs: ruled out. Modified gravity: theories limited.

⚛️ Dark Energy

Accelerated expansion

Supernovae Ia (1998): The universe is slowing down slightly. Dark energy: ~68% of the energy. w = -1: cosmological constant Λ.

Cosmological constant

Λ: in Einstein's equations. Vacuum energy density ρ_vac ~ 10⁻²⁹ g/cm³. Energy problem: QFT predicts ~10¹²⁰× more.

Quintessence

Dynamic dark energy. Scalar field φ with equation of state w(φ). V(φ) potential. Evolution of w with cosmology.

Tests

BAO, supernovae, CMB. Constraints on the w parameter: w = -1.03±0.04. JDEM, Euclid missions.

🌊 Structure Formation

Lambda-CDM

Standard cosmological model: Λ-CDM. Dark matter + dark energy. Structure formation: gravitational clustering.

Galaxy Formation

Dark matter haloes: gravity collapse. Baryonic matter falls in. Starburst: z ~ 2-3. Galaxy mergers.

Cosmic Web

Large-scale structure: filaments, clusters, voids. N-body simulations. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: 150 Mpc scale.

Reionization

z ~ 6-15: hydrogen reionization. First stars, quasars. CMB polarization. Epoch of reionization.

🔬 Observations

CMB observations

From WMAP and Planck satellites. Temperature anisotropy ΔT/T ~ 10⁻⁵. Polarization E- and B-modes. Inflationary B modes: gravitational waves.

Large-scale surveys

SDSS and 2dF: millions of galaxies. Large-scale structure (LSS) clustering. BAO measurements. Weak lensing surveys.

Supernovae cosmology

SN Ia: standard candles. Dark energy discovery (1998). Hubble diagram: expansion history.

Future missions

Euclid, LSST, JWST. Dark energy, gravitational waves, first galaxies.

📊 Graphs and Diagrams

Structure of the Universe's Energy

Cosmic pie (Λ-CDM):

All are defined through CMB, SN Ia, BAO measurements.

Expansion history

a(t) for Λ-CDM:

Hubble parameter: H(t) = ȧ/a. Future: exponential expansion.

Dark energy: ~68% Dark matter: ~27% Ordinary matter (baryons): ~5% Neutrinos: ~0.1% Radiation (CMB): ~0.01%

🧪 Practical Examples

Example 1: CMB Discovery

Penzias-Wilson (1965): T ≈ 3 K. COBE: blackbody spectrum. Planck: anisotropy map, polarization.

Example 2: Dark Energy

SN Ia (1998): Universe accelerating. HST, ground surveys. w ≈ -1.03±0.04. Λ or quintessence.

Example 3: Rotation Curves

Galaxies: v(R) ~ constant beyond visible disk. Dark matter haloes. M/L ~10-100 required.

Example 4: LSS Surveys

SDSS: millions of galaxies, BAO ~150 Mpc. Cosmic web: filaments, clusters, voids. Lambda-CDM fit.

© 2025 Scientific Simulator. All rights reserved.

Cosmology: The Origin of the Universe

Try it live

Everything above runs in your browser — open SPH Fluid and change the parameters while it is running. Nothing is installed, nothing is uploaded, the whole model lives in one tab.