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Introduction to Concurrency

Parallelism and threading are critical for creating responsive mobile applications that don't block the UI thread, efficiently perform background work, and leverage multiple CPU cores. Proper concurrency management ensures a smooth user experience, efficient resource usage, and prevents common issues such as race conditions and deadlocks.

Each platform provides its own concurrency mechanisms: iOS uses Grand Central Dispatch, async/await, and Operation queues; Android uses threads, coroutines, and Executors. Understanding these mechanisms and best practices is critically important.

Concurrency Mechanisms

iOS Concurrency

GCD (Grand Central Dispatch):

Dispatch queues

Main queue for UI

Background queues

Serial vs concurrent

async/await (Swift):

Structured concurrency

Task management

Async/await patterns

Actor isolation

Operation Queues:

Dependency management

Operation cancellation

Priority control

Android Concurrency

Threads:

Main thread for UI

Background threads

Thread pools

Coroutines (Kotlin):

Lightweight threads

Suspend functions

Structured concurrency

Flow for streams

Executors:

Thread pool executors

Scheduled executors

Task management

Thread Safety

Common Issues

Race conditions

Data races

Deadlocks

UI updates from background threads

Solutions

Locks and synchronization

Thread-safe data structures

Actor model

Immutable data

Proper thread communication

Try it live

Everything above runs in your browser — open Hash Function Avalanche Visualizer and change the parameters while it is running. Nothing is installed, nothing is uploaded, the whole model lives in one tab.