Immobilization and Reactors
Supports and binding chemistries
Packed-bed, membrane, and CSTR systems
Performance
Mass transfer, cofactor management, stability, and productivity metrics.
Examples
Example: Continuous Ketone Reduction
Immobilize ketoreductase on suitable support.
Set up packed-bed with cofactor recycle.
Optimize flow and substrate concentration.
Frequently asked questions
How to choose supports?
Match to enzyme properties and process conditions.
Cofactor recycling?
Enzymatic or electrochemical strategies.
Deactivation?
Stabilizers and mild conditions.
Scaling?
Numbering-up and robust reactor design.
Mass transfer limits?
Optimize particle size and flow.
Cleaning?
CIP strategies compatible with enzymes.
Monitoring?
Inline analytics and feedback control.
Safety?
Containment and low-hazard operations.
Costs?
Enzyme loading vs productivity trade-offs.
Documentation?
Report stability curves and turnover numbers.
Try it live
Everything above runs in your browser — open Chemistry Extension Topic 10: Continuous Biocatalysis and change the parameters while it is running. Nothing is installed, nothing is uploaded, the whole model lives in one tab.
▶ Open Chemistry Extension Topic 10: Continuous Biocatalysis simulation