Biolistic Gene Gun: Particle Bombardment Transformation

This simulator models biolistics — the "gene gun" method used to genetically engineer plant species that resist Agrobacterium-mediated transfer. DNA-coated gold microcarriers are accelerated by a helium burst, cross a flight gap that bleeds off some of their speed, then decelerate inside layered plant tissue under a quadratic drag law whose resistance profile changes with depth. Only particles that come to rest inside a narrow transformation-competent window near the nucleus deliver usable DNA; shots that stop too early or blow straight through fail. Tune helium pressure, microcarrier diameter and target distance and watch the physics — not a coin flip — decide each shot's fate, with live efficiency and penetration-depth readouts.