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Electronics & Circuit Design

From logic gates to transistors and DAC/ADC — live simulations of digital and analogue circuits. See how hardware works from the inside. Electronics is the branch of engineering and physics that studies how components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors control the flow of electric current to perform useful work. In this category you will learn how digital logic is built from Boolean gates, how a single transistor switches and amplifies signals, how RC circuits shape frequency response, and how analogue signals are sampled into digital form by ADCs and reconstructed by DACs. Each interactive Electronics model lets you change parameters and watch waveforms, truth tables and Bode plots update instantly. It matters because electronics underpins every computer, smartphone, sensor and communication system around you — understanding it gives you a foundation for engineering, computing and scientific research.

🔌 Simulations

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Cellular Automata
Rule 110, Life and others — the same principle as in digital circuits: simple rules give rise to complex behaviour.
Beginner
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Sorting as an Algorithm
Sorting algorithms are a foundation inside a digital processor. Parallel sorting illustrates the pipeline architecture of a CPU.
Beginner
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Waves & Signals
The superposition of tones corresponds to signal analysis. Interference and standing waves are an analogue of resonant filters.
Intermediate
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Logic Gates
AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND — a live truth table with animated signals. Build your own circuit from gates.
Intermediate
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8-Bit Adder
Half adder → Full adder → Ripple carry 8-bit ALU. How a processor adds numbers at the level of logic gates.
Intermediate
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Transistor BJT/MOSFET
The transistor as a switch and an amplifier. The I-V characteristic, the saturation point and the active region. The basic element of every microchip.
Intermediate
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RC Frequency Filters
Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters. The Bode plot H(jω). Applications in audio and communications.
Intermediate
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ADC & DAC
Signal sampling, the Nyquist theorem and aliasing. How analogue sound becomes digital and back again.
Intermediate
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Resistor Circuit — Ohm's Law & Series/Parallel
Build series and parallel resistor networks. Ohm's law (V=IR) and Kirchhoff's laws computed instantly. See current, voltage drops and power dissipation.
Beginner
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Kirchhoff's Laws
Build and analyze DC circuits. KVL (ΣV=0) + KCL (ΣI=0). MNA matrix solver. Animated current flow visualization.
Intermediate
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Buck Converter — PWM Switching
Simulate a DC-DC buck converter: PWM duty cycle D controls output V_out = D·V_in. See inductor curre...
Intermediate
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Power Factor Correction (PFC)
A boost PFC converter shapes the input current to be sinusoidal and in phase with voltage. Power fac...
Intermediate
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MOSFET I-V Characteristics
Interactive MOSFET I-V curves: cutoff, linear, and saturation regions. I_D = k(V_GS−V_th)²/2 in satu...
Intermediate

📐 Key Concepts

Logic Gates & Boolean Algebra
NAND is functionally complete: any logic circuit can be built from NAND gates alone. De Morgan's theorem: ¬(A∧B) = ¬A∨¬B.
The Transistor as a Switch
MOSFET: when VGS > Vth the channel opens and current flows. One transistor is one bit of memory in DRAM. A modern CPU contains trillions of transistors.
RC Circuit & τ = RC
The voltage across a capacitor V(t) = V₀(1 − e−t/τ) where τ = RC. In time τ the capacitor charges to 63.2%. The basis of timing circuits and filters.
Nyquist–Shannon Theorem
The sampling rate fs ≥ 2·fmax. CD audio: 44100 Hz ≥ 2×22050 Hz. Aliasing occurs when the theorem is violated — frequencies above fs/2 fold back into the lower spectrum.
Filter Frequency Response
H(jω) = Vout/Vin in the frequency domain. RC low-pass: |H| = 1/√(1+(ωRC)²). Cutoff at ωc = 1/RC. Displayed on a Bode plot (dB vs log ω).
AM & FM Modulation
AM: A(t) = [1 + m·cos(ωmt)]·cos(ωct). FM: f(t) = fc + Δf·cos(ωmt). FM is more robust to noise — used for high-quality audio.

📖 Learning Resources

📄 Wave Equation — from Mechanics to Electromagnetism 📄 Reaction–Diffusion Systems & RC-Circuit Analogies

🔗 Related Categories

⚛️ Physics 🔐 Quantum Computing 🔒 Cryptography ⚡ Algorithms 🎵 Sound 🤖 Robotics
💡 Electronics is applied solid-state physics and quantum mechanics. The transistor, invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, changed civilisation more than any other invention of the 20th century. A modern 2 nm MOSFET now has a channel only about 10 atoms thick.

Key Concepts

Topics and algorithms you'll explore in this category

Interactive ModelReal-time browser simulation with live parameter controls
WebGL / Canvas 2DHardware-accelerated rendering in the browser
Mathematical FoundationDifferential equations and numerical integration
Open SourceMIT-licensed code — inspect, fork, and learn
No Install RequiredRuns directly in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
Educational FocusBuilt to explain the underlying science clearly

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about this simulation category

Do these simulations require installation?
No. Every simulation runs entirely in your web browser using WebGL and Canvas 2D. Nothing to install or download — open the page and the simulation starts immediately.
Can I use these simulations for teaching?
Yes — all simulations are designed to be educational and run without an account or login. They are widely used in university lectures, high-school science classes, and self-directed learning. Embed them via iframe or link directly.
What devices do the simulations support?
All simulations work on desktop browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari). Many work on mobile and tablets too, though some physics-heavy simulations benefit from the GPU performance of a desktop or laptop.

Every Electronics simulation in this collection runs free in your browser, so you can learn Electronics online without installing any software or specialist lab equipment. Whether you are a student preparing for exams, a hobbyist designing a circuit or an engineer revisiting fundamentals, each interactive Electronics model turns abstract equations into something you can see and adjust in real time. Experiment with logic gates, transistor curves, RC filters and ADC/DAC sampling, then apply the same ideas to real-world applications such as designing audio amplifiers, radio communication systems and the digital processors at the heart of modern devices.

About Electronics & Circuit Simulations

Resistors, capacitors, transistors, logic gates, and signals — live

Electronics simulations model the components and circuits that form the foundation of all digital and analogue technology. Circuit-analysis simulations build resistor networks, RC and RL filter circuits, and BJT transistor amplifiers from drag-and-drop components; nodal analysis computes voltages and branch currents in real time. Logic-gate simulations wire NOT, AND, OR, XOR, and flip-flop blocks into combinational and sequential circuits, animating binary signal propagation.

Oscilloscope simulations display time-domain waveforms from simulation nodes, and spectrum analyser views show the frequency-domain decomposition of signal harmonics. Transmission-line simulations model impedance matching and signal reflection in PCB traces at high data rates. These tools reflect the core content of electronics engineering courses and are used to prototype and verify circuit behaviour before committing to PCB manufacture.

Each simulation in this category is built with accuracy and interactivity in mind. The underlying mathematical models are the same ones used in academic research and professional engineering — just made accessible through a web browser. Changing parameters in real time and observing the results is one of the most effective ways to build intuition for complex scientific and engineering concepts.