🔌 Simulations
Cellular Automata
Rule 110, Life and others — the same principle as in digital
circuits: simple rules give rise to complex behaviour.
Beginner
Sorting as an Algorithm
Sorting algorithms are a foundation inside a digital processor.
Parallel sorting illustrates the pipeline architecture of a CPU.
Beginner
Waves & Signals
The superposition of tones corresponds to signal analysis.
Interference and standing waves are an analogue of resonant
filters.
Intermediate
Logic Gates
AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND — a live truth table with animated signals.
Build your own circuit from gates.
Intermediate
8-Bit Adder
Half adder → Full adder → Ripple carry 8-bit ALU. How a processor
adds numbers at the level of logic gates.
Intermediate
Transistor BJT/MOSFET
The transistor as a switch and an amplifier. The I-V characteristic,
the saturation point and the active region. The basic element of
every microchip.
Intermediate
RC Frequency Filters
Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters. The Bode plot H(jω).
Applications in audio and communications.
Intermediate
ADC & DAC
Signal sampling, the Nyquist theorem and aliasing. How analogue
sound becomes digital and back again.
Intermediate
Resistor Circuit — Ohm's Law & Series/Parallel
Build series and parallel resistor networks. Ohm's law (V=IR) and Kirchhoff's laws computed instantly. See current, voltage drops and power dissipation.
Beginner
📐 Key Concepts
Logic Gates & Boolean Algebra
NAND is functionally complete: any logic circuit can be built from
NAND gates alone. De Morgan's theorem: ¬(A∧B) = ¬A∨¬B.
The Transistor as a Switch
MOSFET: when VGS > Vth the channel opens and
current flows. One transistor is one bit of memory in DRAM. A modern
CPU contains trillions of transistors.
RC Circuit & τ = RC
The voltage across a capacitor V(t) = V₀(1 − e−t/τ) where
τ = RC. In time τ the capacitor charges to 63.2%. The basis of
timing circuits and filters.
Nyquist–Shannon Theorem
The sampling rate fs ≥ 2·fmax. CD audio:
44100 Hz ≥ 2×22050 Hz. Aliasing occurs when the theorem is violated
— frequencies above fs/2 fold back into the lower
spectrum.
Filter Frequency Response
H(jω) = Vout/Vin in the frequency domain. RC
low-pass: |H| = 1/√(1+(ωRC)²). Cutoff at ωc = 1/RC.
Displayed on a Bode plot (dB vs log ω).
AM & FM Modulation
AM: A(t) = [1 + m·cos(ωmt)]·cos(ωct). FM: f(t)
= fc + Δf·cos(ωmt). FM is more robust to noise
— used for high-quality audio.
📖 Learning Resources
Wave Equation — from Mechanics to Electromagnetism
Reaction–Diffusion Systems & RC-Circuit Analogies
🔗 Related Categories
💡 Electronics is applied solid-state physics and
quantum mechanics. The transistor, invented in 1947 at Bell Labs,
changed civilisation more than any other invention of the 20th century.
A modern 2 nm MOSFET now has a channel only about 10 atoms thick.
Key Concepts
Topics and algorithms you'll explore in this category
Interactive ModelReal-time browser simulation with live parameter controls
WebGL / Canvas 2DHardware-accelerated rendering in the browser
Mathematical FoundationDifferential equations and numerical integration
Open SourceMIT-licensed code — inspect, fork, and learn
No Install RequiredRuns directly in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
Educational FocusBuilt to explain the underlying science clearly
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about this simulation category
- Do these simulations require installation?
- No. Every simulation runs entirely in your web browser using WebGL and Canvas 2D. Nothing to install or download — open the page and the simulation starts immediately.
- Can I use these simulations for teaching?
- Yes — all simulations are designed to be educational and run without an account or login. They are widely used in university lectures, high-school science classes, and self-directed learning. Embed them via iframe or link directly.
- What devices do the simulations support?
- All simulations work on desktop browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari). Many work on mobile and tablets too, though some physics-heavy simulations benefit from the GPU performance of a desktop or laptop.