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Palaeontology & Evolutionary Geology

500 million years of life compressed into a browser tab. Watch Pangea split apart, an asteroid reshape the biosphere in seconds, and evolution branch into the tree of life.

6 simulations Deep Time · Extinctions Plate Tectonics · Evolution

Simulations

Open any simulation — runs instantly in your browser

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Popular★★★ Advanced
Tectonic Plates — Continental Drift
Pangea rifts, continents collide, ocean floor spreads and subducts. Watch 250 million years of plate motion in seconds — the geological canvas on which life evolved.
PlatesPangeaThree.js
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★★☆ Moderate
K-Pg Impact & Mass Extinction
N-body collision simulation — a 10 km bolide strikes at 20 km/s. Energy release, ejecta trajectory and impact winter temperature drop modelled step by step.
ImpactN-bodyK-Pg
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★★☆ Moderate
Evolutionary Divergence & Genetic Algorithm
Watch populations diverge under different selection pressures — analogous to allopatric speciation. Fitness histograms reveal how rapidly evolution reshapes a gene pool.
GASelectionSpeciation
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★☆☆ Beginner
Cambrian Explosion — Species Radiation
SIR-derived population dynamics model — niche vacancies fill explosively following mass extinction. Tune extinction severity and niche breadth to recreate the Cambrian radiation.
SIRPopulationNiche
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★☆☆ Beginner
Phylogenetic Tree — Evolutionary Branching
L-systems recursively generate branching tree topologies that mirror cladistic phylogenies. Vary mutation rate and selection to watch the tree of life grow or collapse.
L-SystemPhylogenyClade
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★☆☆ Beginner
Predator–Prey Ecosystem Dynamics
Lotka–Volterra dynamics in a spatially explicit grid. Large herbivores and apex predators cycle in and out of equilibrium — recreate Mesozoic food-web collapse scenarios.
Lotka-VolterraEcosystemCA

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About Paleontology Simulations

Evolutionary timelines, extinction models, and ancient life visualised

Paleontology simulations model the long-timescale processes of biological evolution, mass extinction, and fossil preservation. Phylogenetic tree simulations apply coalescent theory to generate random cladograms and compare them to molecular-clock estimates, showing how genetic divergence times are calibrated against the fossil record. Extinction-dynamics simulators model species richness trajectories under different kill-curve parameterisations, reproducing the Big Five mass extinctions.

Fossil preservation models simulate how burial rate, sediment chemistry, and tissue mineralisation affect the probability that an organism becomes a fossil and is eventually discovered. Evolutionary arms-race simulations pit predator and prey populations against each other under co-evolutionary selection pressure, producing Red Queen dynamics where neither lineage advances absolutely. These tools connect palaeobiology to evolutionary theory and the geologic time scale.

Each simulation in this category is built with accuracy and interactivity in mind. The underlying mathematical models are the same ones used in academic research and professional engineering — just made accessible through a web browser. Changing parameters in real time and observing the results is one of the most effective ways to build intuition for complex scientific and engineering concepts.

Key Concepts

Topics and algorithms you'll explore in this category

Continental DriftPaleogeographic positions from Pangea to present
K-Pg Impact EventBolide energy, ejecta, and global kill mechanisms
Fossil FormationPermineralisation probability and taphonomy models
Radiometric DatingRadioactive decay chains and half-life calculations
Evolutionary BranchingCladogram topology and molecular clock rates
Ocean ChemistryCarbonate system and ocean acidification through time

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about this simulation category

What paleontology topics can I explore here?
Continental drift animations, K-Pg bolide impact physics, fossil preservation probability, radiometric dating decay chains, evolutionary divergence trees, and paleo-ocean chemistry.
How is the K-Pg impact event simulated?
The simulation computes impact energy from bolide size and velocity (kinetic energy ½mv²), models the ejecta dispersal plume, and shows the insolation reduction timeline that caused global cooling.
What is the fossil formation probability simulation?
It models taphonomic factors — organism size, habitat, sediment burial rate — and outputs a survival probability that explains why only a tiny fraction of organisms become fossils.