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Planetary Sciences & Astrogeology

From the protoplanetary disk that birthed our solar system to Europa's hidden ocean — explore the geology, atmospheres and orbital mechanics of worlds beyond Earth.

7 simulations Orbits · Formation N-body · Atmospheres

Simulations

Open any simulation — runs instantly in your browser

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Popular★★☆ Moderate
N-Body Planet Formation
Hundreds of planetesimals attract each other gravitationally — watch accretion disks collapse, runaway growth produce embryos, and giant planets clear orbital gaps in real time.
N-bodyAccretionThree.js
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★☆☆ Beginner
Solar System Orbital Mechanics
All 8 planets with accurate semi-major axes, eccentricities and inclinations. Speed up time to watch orbital resonances — Jupiter's 1:2:4 resonance lock with Io, Europa and Ganymede.
KeplerResonanceEphemeris
★★☆ Moderate
Exoplanet Transit & Radial Velocity
Binary star system configured as a star–planet pair. Watch the Doppler wobble and the dip in light curve as the planet transits — the two discovery methods behind Kepler and TESS.
TransitRVKepler
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★★☆ Moderate
Planetary Atmosphere Model
Tune greenhouse gas concentration, stellar flux and albedo to compare Earth, Venus and Mars atmospheric temperatures — the energy-balance model behind the habitable zone concept.
Energy BalanceGreenhouseHabitable Zone
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★★★ Advanced
Plume Tectonics — Io & Mars
Single-plume volcanism without plate recycling — analogous to Io's tidal-stress hot spots and Olympus Mons. Compare volume-flux to Earth's subduction-driven volcanism.
PlumeVolcanismTidal
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★★★ Advanced
Subsurface Ocean — Europa / Enceladus
Ice shell thermal convection above a salty ocean layer modulated by tidal dissipation — the physics determining whether life-sustaining hydrothermal vents could exist.
ConvectionIce ShellTidal
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★★☆ Moderate
Giant Impact & Moon Formation
Simulate the Theia-sized impactor collide with proto-Earth — ejecta cloud coalesces gravitationally into the Moon. Vary impact angle and mass ratio to reproduce Apollo-sample isotope ratios.
ImpactN-bodyMoon

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About Planetary Science Simulations

Planet formation, atmospheres, impacts, and surface processes — modelled

Planetary science simulations model the formation and evolution of planets and their surface environments. Accretion-disk simulations show how dust and gas in a proto-planetary disk coagulate into planetesimals under gravitational attraction and collisional sticking, eventually clearing orbital resonances to form a stable planetary system. Impact-crater simulations model the acoustic and shock dynamics of large-body impacts, computing ejecta blanket extent and crater morphology as functions of impactor energy and target properties.

Atmospheric-circulation models simulate Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells on a rotating sphere, explaining the belt-and-zone wind systems seen on Jupiter and Saturn. Tidal-locking calculations show how differential gravitational torques synchronise a moon's rotation period to its orbital period. These are the same computational approaches used in planetary-science missions — from Mars InSight seismology to Cassini atmospheric dynamics — made accessible as interactive browser simulations.

Each simulation in this category is built with accuracy and interactivity in mind. The underlying mathematical models are the same ones used in academic research and professional engineering — just made accessible through a web browser. Changing parameters in real time and observing the results is one of the most effective ways to build intuition for complex scientific and engineering concepts.

Key Concepts

Topics and algorithms you'll explore in this category

Planet AccretionN-body collisional accumulation from planetesimals
Exoplanet TransitLight-curve dimming and Mandel-Agol limb darkening
VolcanismMagma pressure, viscosity, and eruption column height
Ice Shell OceanEuropa-style conductive lid above subsurface ocean
Magnetic DynamoGeodynamo differential rotation and field reversal
Atmospheric LossJeans escape and solar wind sputtering

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about this simulation category

What planetary science topics are covered?
Planet formation through N-body accretion, exoplanet transit light curves (Mandel-Agol model), volcanic eruption dynamics, subsurface ocean (Europa-model), magnetic dynamo field reversals, and atmospheric escape mechanisms.
How does the exoplanet transit simulation work?
It plots the stellar flux as a planet crosses the stellar disk. The depth of the dip equals (Rplanet/Rstar)², and limb-darkening modulates the curve shape. You can vary the impact parameter and planet radius.
What is the planet formation simulation?
Hundreds of planetesimals interact gravitationally and collide, merging into progressively larger bodies (runaway growth). You can watch rocky planets, gas giants, and debris disks emerge from the same initial conditions.