🌡️ Thermodynamics

Heat ConductionSolve the 2D heat equation in real time with FTCS finite differences. Paint hot and cold… Carnot CycleInteractive Carnot engine P-V diagram. Trace isothermal and adiabatic stages, adjust… Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution — Kinetic TheoryNewSimulate elastic hard-sphere gas molecules and watch the real-time speed distribution… Bénard ConvectionNew2D incompressible Navier-Stokes with Boussinesq buoyancy. Watch thermal convection rolls… Stirling EngineNewAnimated Stirling cycle P-V diagram with engine schematic. Four stages: isothermal expansion… Steam & Condensation — Phase TransitionNewParticle simulation of water vapour rising, cooling and condensing into droplets.… Urban Heat IslandNewPaint a city grid with asphalt, concrete, grass, water, trees and rooftops. Watch the… Lennard-Jones Molecular DynamicsSimulate 2D molecular dynamics with the Lennard-Jones potential. Watch gas, liquid, and… Blackbody Radiation — Planck's Law & Wien's PeakAdjust temperature from 500K to 30,000K and watch Wien's peak shift from infrared to… Van der Waals GasNewReal gas P-V isotherms with the van der Waals equation. Maxwell equal-area construction,… Gibbs Ensemble — Entropy & Microcanonical StatisticsExplore statistical mechanics through the Gibbs ensemble. Distribute energy quanta among… Heat Equation — 2D Temperature DistributionSimulate 2D heat conduction using the finite difference method. Draw heat sources and sinks,… Fourier Heat Equation — Diffusion & Boundary ConditionsNewSolve the 1D Fourier heat equation by finite differences. Set Dirichlet or Neumann boundary… Temperature Distribution — Steady State & Transient Heat TransferSimulate 1D and 2D temperature distributions. Compare numerical FDM solutions with… Carnot Heat Engine — Efficiency & PV DiagramNewAnimated Carnot cycle on an interactive PV diagram. Set hot and cold reservoir temperatures,… Ising Model — Phase TransitionNew2D Ising model with Metropolis Monte Carlo. Cross the critical temperature Tc ≈ 2.269 and… Maxwell's Demon — Information & the Second LawNewA demon sorting fast and slow molecules seems to violate the second law — until you account… Brownian Ratchet — Can Randomness Do Work?NewFeynman's ratchet-and-pawl shows thermal noise alone cannot produce directed work at… Otto Cycle — How a Petrol Engine WorksNewThe four-stroke petrol engine cycle: adiabatic compression, constant-volume combustion,… Entropy of Mixing — Ideal Gas ThermodynamicsNewWatch two ideal gases mix irreversibly. Visualize ΔS_mix = -nR·Σxᵢ·ln(xᵢ) and the free…