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Mirrors & LensesInteractive geometric optics ray tracer. Choose converging/diverging lenses or… Snell's Law — Refraction & TIRInteractive Snell's law diagram. Set n₁, n₂ and angle of incidence θ₁ — watch the refracted… Diffraction & InterferenceNewHuygens-principle wave simulation with single slit, Young's double slit, and diffraction… Total Internal ReflectionNewDrag the ray angle past the critical angle and watch total internal reflection occur. Snell… Water CausticsNewSunlight refracts through a wavy water surface (Snell's law: n=1.333) and focuses into… Laser Labyrinth — Reflection & RefractionBounce a laser beam off mirrors and through glass blocks to hit the target. Explore the law… Huygens' PrincipleWave diffraction and interference via secondary Huygens wavelets. Modes: plane wave, single… Polarization of LightMalus’s Law: rotate polarizing filters and watch I = I₀ cos²θ. Four modes: Linear, Circular,… Diffraction GratingTune wavelength, lines/mm and slit count to watch Fraunhofer diffraction maxima shift;… Fabry-Pérot InterferometerExplore resonant transmission in an optical cavity: Airy function, Finesse, FSR, and linewidth. Photonic CrystalNewStack alternating high and low index layers and see which wavelengths get reflected, opening… HolographyNewInterfere an object beam with a reference beam at a chosen angle and wavelength, recording… Light PolarizationExplore Malus's Law and Brewster's angle, switch between linear, circular and elliptical… Holography ConceptNewRecord a hologram as interference of object and reference beams, then replay it to… Huygens' PrincipleNewEvery point on a wavefront spawns secondary wavelets — tune wavelength to watch single- and… Ice Halos & Sun DogsNewMonte-Carlo atmospheric optics: refract sunlight through hexagonal ice crystals and watch… HolographyNewRecord a hologram as the interference of an object wave and a reference beam, then… Optical Vortex BeamsNewLaguerre–Gauss beams carry orbital angular momentum: a helical phase exp(iℓφ) makes a… Moiré PatternsNewOverlay two periodic patterns at slightly different angles or pitches and watch the moiré… Thin-Film Interference — Soap Bubbles & Oil SlicksNewLight reflecting off the top and bottom of a thin film interferes, producing shifting… Birefringence — Double Refraction in CrystalsNewAnisotropic crystals split a light ray into ordinary and extraordinary rays travelling at… Polarisation of Light — Malus's Law & PolarisersNewLight is a transverse wave. A polariser transmits only one orientation; a second polariser… Airy Disk — Diffraction-Limited ImagingNewExplore diffraction-limited imaging through a circular aperture. See the Airy pattern and… Atmospheric Optics — Rainbows & HalosGeometric optics in water droplets and ice crystals producing rainbows and 22°/46° halos. Crystal Optics & BirefringenceLight splitting into ordinary and extraordinary rays through birefringent crystals.