Feed water type: Operating pressure ΔP (bar): 55 Membrane area A (m²): 10 Recovery rate r (%): 40 Membrane permeability A_m (L/m²/h/bar): 3.0

Osmotic pressure π—

Net driving pressure—

Permeate flux Jw—

Salt rejection R—

Permeate flow Qp—

SEC (kWh/m³)—

Min SEC (thermodynamic)—

Efficiency—

Reverse Osmosis
π = iMRT (Van't Hoff)
Jw = Am·(ΔP − Δπ)
SEC = ΔP·Qp/η
Min SEC = π_feed·ln(1/(1−r))

RO module cross-section — feed → reject + permeate

Energy comparison: SEC vs operating pressure