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Diffraction Grating

d · sin(θₘ) = m · λ  ·  Resolving power R = mN  ·  Angular dispersion dθ/dλ = m / (d·cosθ)

Optics Wave Physics Spectroscopy Interferometry Fraunhofer
d (spacing)
θ for m = −2
θ for m = −1
θ for m = 00.00°
θ for m = +1
θ for m = +2
Resolving power R
Angular disp. dθ/dλ
FSR Δλ (m=1)
Max visible order

🌈 Diffraction Grating Physics

A transmission grating with N slits of spacing d and slit width a produces a far-field (Fraunhofer) intensity pattern:

I(θ) = I₀ · [sin(β/2)/(β/2)]² · [sin(Nδ/2) / (N·sin(δ/2))]²

where β = 2πa·sin(θ)/λ (single-slit envelope phase) and δ = 2πd·sin(θ)/λ (inter-slit phase difference).

  • Principal maxima (grating equation): d · (sin θᵢ + sin θₘ) = m · λ  for m = 0, ±1, ±2, …
  • Resolving power: R = mN — smallest resolvable wavelength difference Δλ = λ / (mN)
  • Angular dispersion: dθ/dλ = m / (d · cos θₘ) — higher orders disperse more
  • Free spectral range: Δλ_FSR = λ / m — range before overlap of adjacent orders
  • Missing orders: when a/d = 1/k (integer k), grating maxima at those orders are suppressed by the single-slit zero

White light mode overlays all visible wavelengths (380–740 nm), revealing the characteristic rainbow spectrum in each diffraction order — the principle behind spectrographs and CDs.