A flat 2D redraw of the same stack-based virtual machine: a fixed bytecode program executes one opcode at a time, pushing and popping value-blocks on a vertical stack and writing results into a persistent storage grid, exactly like the EVM does for a smart contract.
The instruction tape along the top highlights the opcode currently executing. PUSH adds a block to the stack, ADD/MUL pop two and push the result, DUP copies the top, SWAP exchanges the top two, and SSTORE pops a slot index and a value and writes it into the storage grid on the right (the slot lights up green).
Choose a program, play/pause the auto-run, step one instruction at a time, adjust execution speed, or rebuild to restart from PC 0.
Every opcode in a real stack-based VM like the EVM has a fixed gas cost, so a node can precisely predict the worst-case computational cost of a transaction before executing a single instruction.
A flat 2D redraw of the same stack-based virtual machine: choose one of three bytecode programs and watch PUSH, ADD, MUL, DUP, SWAP and SSTORE opcodes execute one at a time, pushing value-blocks onto a stack and writing results into a persistent storage grid.
The same EVM-style opcode execution model as the 3D version, drawn as a flat instruction tape, stack column and storage grid so the mechanics of the machine are easy to trace step by step.
Pick a program, play/pause the auto-run, or step one instruction at a time; adjust the speed slider and rebuild to restart from the first instruction.
Every opcode in a real stack-based VM like the EVM has a fixed gas cost, so a node can precisely predict the worst-case computational cost of a transaction before executing a single instruction.