Ball lightning is a rare, still-unexplained atmospheric phenomenon: witnesses report a glowing, roughly spherical mass of light β often the size of a grapefruit to a beach ball β that drifts slowly through the air for a few seconds up to a minute or so, sometimes passing through walls or windows, before fading silently or ending in a sharp discharge or small explosion. No laboratory has reliably reproduced it, so it remains modeled rather than measured directly.
Two leading physical hypotheses are usually cited:
- Microwave-cavity / plasma-soliton theory (Nikitin and others): the glow is a self-trapped electromagnetic soliton β a standing microwave field bound inside its own ionized plasma "cavity" β that slowly radiates energy away until it decays or collapses.
- Silicon-vapor combustion theory (Abrahamson & Dinniss): a lightning strike on soil vaporizes silicon compounds into a floating aerosol of nanoparticles that then slowly oxidizes in air, releasing the stored chemical energy as light and heat over several seconds.
This simulator visualizes the phenomenon as a turbulent, internally-agitated plasma sphere (matching the shading and surface electric micro-discharges of the 3D version of this simulation) and layers a simple energy-lifetime model on top, common to both hypotheses: the ball carries a finite store of energy that decays over its lifetime β faster for a larger radius, since a bigger structure radiates/oxidizes more surface area β punctuated by random small arcs. A manual "Discharge" drains a large fraction of that energy at once, mimicking the abrupt release many witnesses describe at the end of an event; once stored energy reaches zero the structure collapses and a new one re-forms with a freshly randomized lifetime, since real reports vary enormously in how long a ball lightning event lasts.