H. Pylori Colonizes the Gastric Mucosa
H. pylori burrows through stomach mucus to reach the epithelial surface.
- ~50%: Global prevalence (placeholder statistic)
- Helical: Shape (flagellated motility)
- Mucus layer: Niche (urease neutralizes acid)
- Ulcer/cancer: Outcome risk (placeholder statistic)
Colonization mechanism
Short placeholder text on flagellar motility and urease-driven acid neutralization.
PPI + Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin
Standard triple therapy combines acid suppression with two antibiotics.
- 14 days: Regimen length (placeholder statistic)
- ~85%: Historic success (placeholder statistic)
- Clarithromycin: Key weakness (resistance-sensitive)
- Acid suppression: PPI role (boosts antibiotic activity)
How triple therapy works
Short placeholder text describing combined antibiotic and acid-suppression action.
Clarithromycin Resistance Undermines Triple Therapy
Rising resistance rates sharply cut triple therapy success.
- 23S rRNA: Resistance driver (point mutations)
- >15%: Threshold concern (placeholder statistic)
- High: Regional variance (placeholder statistic)
- Regimen failure: Consequence (placeholder statistic)
Resistance mechanism
Short placeholder text on ribosomal mutation blocking clarithromycin binding.
Bismuth Quadruple Therapy Alternative
Bismuth, metronidazole, tetracycline and a PPI bypass clarithromycin resistance.
- 10-14 days: Regimen length (placeholder statistic)
- ~90%: Success rate (placeholder statistic)
- Low: Resistance dependence (placeholder statistic)
- High-resistance areas: Use case (placeholder statistic)
Why quadruple therapy works
Short placeholder text on bismuth's multi-mechanism bactericidal action.
Confirming Eradication After Treatment
Urea breath or stool antigen testing verifies successful eradication.
- Urea breath: Test type (placeholder statistic)
- 4+ weeks: Wait period (post-treatment)
- High: Accuracy (placeholder statistic)
- Switch regimen: Retreat if failed (placeholder statistic)
Confirmation protocol
Short placeholder text on retesting timing and next-line therapy choice.