Village Blacksmith Forge Lab

Pump the bellows, heat a steel bar by its glow colour, hammer it, then quench it. Every number comes from the model: charcoal combustion, 3-D heat conduction, boiling quench curves and a TTT-based microstructure.

Preset

1. Bellows, charcoal fire

Bellows strokes per minute Apprentice pumps automatically (Space = one extra stroke) Bellows opening angle Tuyere nozzle diameter Bar pushed into the fire

2. The steel bar

Carbon content Square bar size Inspect section at from the tip

3. Hammer and work hardening

Hammer mass Swing speed at impact Strike position from the tip Auto-strike once a second

Hot steel (above 750 C) flows under the hammer and does not harden. Cold or black-hot steel work-hardens: each blow raises the hardness a little and the next ones move less metal.

4. Quench and temper

Quench medium Bath temperature Agitation Dipped length

Tempering temperature (1 hour hold)

5. Experiments and numerical checks

Question 1. Does pumping faster always heat a bar sooner? The sweep runs the full model for eight bellows rates, finds the time for the bar core to reach 850 C and compares it with the lumped-capacitance formula.

Question 2. Which carbon content actually hardens in this bar and medium? Seven bars are heated to 870 C and quenched.

Independent numerical checks

Running...

The science (equations, assumptions, limits)

No injuries, no people: the forge is operated by an unseen apprentice. Charcoal fire, hot metal and quench steam are real hazards in a workshop; this lab only models the physics.