The simulation shows two metals interdiffusing across a shared junction at different intrinsic rates, tracking inert marker-plane drift and the nucleation and growth of Kirkendall voids from condensing excess vacancies.
Adjust the relative diffusivity slider for each metal species and the annealing temperature and time controls to see how marker drift speed and void density near the interface respond.
Sliders for relative diffusivity of each metal, annealing temperature, and annealing time
The same diffusional imbalance that Kirkendall identified as a metallurgical curiosity in 1947 is now deliberately exploited to manufacture hollow nanoparticles for batteries and catalysis, a technique called the nanoscale Kirkendall effect.
The simulation shows two metals interdiffusing across a shared junction at different intrinsic rates, tracking inert marker-plane drift and the nucleation and growth of Kirkendall voids from condensing excess vacancies.
The simulation shows two metals interdiffusing across a shared junction at different intrinsic rates, tracking inert marker-plane drift and the nucleation and growth of Kirkendall voids from condensing excess vacancies.
Adjust the relative diffusivity slider for each metal species and the annealing temperature and time controls to see how marker drift speed and void density near the interface respond.
The same diffusional imbalance that Kirkendall identified as a metallurgical curiosity in 1947 is now deliberately exploited to manufacture hollow nanoparticles for batteries and catalysis, a technique called the nanoscale Kirkendall effect.