Which one will run out first?
Dashed line: the plan. Bright line: what is happening.
What happens. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a base and vinegar contains acetic acid. They react: NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CO2 + H2O + CH3COONa. The gas is carbon dioxide. It makes bubbles, and the bubbles push the liquid up and out of the volcano. (The salt, sodium acetate, stays in the water.)
Counting in moles. One mole of baking soda is 84.0 g. The sim uses 4.6 g per level spoon, about 0.055 mol. Vinegar is about 5% acetic acid, which is about 0.84 mol in every litre. The reaction uses them one-for-one, so whichever ingredient has fewer moles is the limiting reagent: it runs out first and decides how much gas you get. The other ingredient is left over. n(CO2) = min(n soda, n vinegar)
How much gas. The ideal gas law gives V = nRT / P. At 22 C and normal air pressure one mole of gas takes up about 24.2 litres. A party balloon holds about 2.5 to 3 litres.
Height and time. In the model, the reaction speed is proportional to the baking soda still left, so more soda gives a faster, taller eruption. When the vinegar is the limit, the fizz stops suddenly when the vinegar is used up. Foam pieces fly under gravity and air drag. Dish soap traps the gas in many small bubbles, so you get more foam that moves more slowly.
Honest simplifications. Some CO2 stays dissolved in the water, so a real eruption makes a bit less gas. The speed rule, the vent size (1.8 cm) and the foam flight are a toy model, not measurements of one particular volcano. Spoons, vinegar strength (4 to 8%) and temperature differ in real kitchens. The reaction also makes the mixture slightly cold. Not connected with any brand.
Check. The simulation adds up the gas step by step (Runge-Kutta). We compare it with a pencil-and-paper answer (moles, then ideal gas) and with the number of foam pieces the animation creates.