Offline physics console — mathematically identical to the 3D demo, without WebGL dependencies.
● LOCAL MODEL ACTIVE
01 / TWO-HORIZON SOIL CROSS-SECTION
APPARENT PERMITTIVITY—εr
EST. WATER CONTENT—m³/m³
ROUND-TRIP—ns
02 / VOLTAGE STEP REFLECTOGRAM
Live signal propagation · normalized reflection coefficient Γ
03 / EXPERIMENT PARAMETERS
04 / INSTRUMENT ACTIONS
SCIENCE NOTE
Topp (1980) mineral-soil permittivity, 50 Ω coax, interface voltage reflections and ideal open probe tip. Model is an educational approximation. EC-to-attenuation is intentionally a proxy and is not a calibrated soil conductivity measurement.