Each bubble nucleates at a glass-wall imperfection, grows by CO2 diffusing in from the supersaturated liquid, and rises once buoyancy beats drag.
- Growth: dr/dt = k (roughly linear, diffusion-limited)
- Rise speed: Stokes' law, v = 2gr²Δρ / (9η)
- Degassing: C(t) = C0·e^(−t/τ), τ shrinks as temperature rises
- Nucleation rate ∝ base rate × C(t)/C0
v(r) = 2·g·r²·(ρ_liquid − ρ_gas) / (9·η)