Butterfly Metamorphosis Macro: Wing-Scale Colour, Flight and Host Plants

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Butterfly Macrowing scales, colour, flight

Why?

Day since the eggTemperatureStage length hereWeightHead widthMilkweed eaten

Chitin layer d1 90 nm Air gap d2 90 nm Layers N 8 Tilt angle 0° Disorder 0.3

Flap speed f 10 Hz Flap angle Φ 100° Forward speed U 2.0 m/s Slow motion x0.1

Reynolds ReReduced freq. kStrouhal StLift needed C_LSteady wing can giveabout 1.2With unsteady effects

Air streaks are illustrative, not CFD.

Growing Time-lapse 3 days/s Temperature 25 °C

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